Divide into small groups. Each group will evaluate a scenario based on the information-seeking model.
Get a Scenario
Click the "Start" button to receive a random scenario. This scenario will describe a protagonist’s experience while seeking information.
Analyze the Scenario
As a group, discuss the cognitive, affective, and physical aspects of the protagonist’s situation. Identify what stage of the information-seeking model they are in and provide reasoning for your interpretation.
Position Your Group
Based on your analysis, physically position yourselves to represent the timeline of the protagonist’s experience. Consider past, present, and possible future stages of their information-seeking process.
Explain Your Interpretation
Each group will present their analysis, explaining their reasoning for identifying the protagonist’s stage in the model and how cognitive, affective, and physical aspects play a role.
Class Reflection
After each turn, the class will discuss the scenario, compare interpretations, and refine their understanding of the information-seeking process.
Effective communication and teamwork will enhance your ability to interpret and analyze the scenarios accurately.
Human Process Timeline Game
Human Process Timeline Game
Information Seeking Process Model
The Information Search Process (ISP) model describes the emotional, cognitive, and physical experiences individuals go through when seeking information. It consists of stages—Initiation, Selection, Exploration, Formulation, Collection, Presentation, and Assessment—where uncertainty typically decreases as more information is gathered, though this progression is not always linear. The model highlights how feelings of doubt and confusion can temporarily increase before clarity emerges, emphasizing the importance of curiosity and emotional awareness in managing research-related uncertainty.
Developing a self-reflective practice to recognize and understand the different emotions experienced throughout the research process can be beneficial in managing uncertainty. By acknowledging shifts in thoughts, feelings, and actions—and identifying coping strategies that help navigate these changes—students can cultivate a deeper awareness of both cognitive and emotional developments. Engaging curiosity about these experiences not only fosters resilience in academic research but also equips individuals with valuable skills to navigate the complexities of college and life.
Initiation
Awareness of a lack of knowledge creates uncertainty and apprehension.
Exploration
Encountering inconsistent information increases confusion and doubt.
Collection
Relevant information is gathered, leading to deeper understanding.
Selection
The topic is identified, shifting uncertainty to optimism.
Formulation
A focused perspective emerges, reducing uncertainty.
Presentation
New knowledge is applied or shared, concluding the process.
MODEL OF THE INFORMATION SEARCH PROCESS (ISP)
The model of the ISP describes users’ experience in the process of information seeking as a series of thoughts, feelings, and actions.
Stages of the ISP
Initiation
Selection
Exploration
Formulation
Collection
Presentation
Assessment
Feelings (Affective)
Uncertainty
Optimism
Confusion, Frustration, Doubt
Clarity
Sense of direction, Confidence
Satisfaction or Disappointment
Sense of accomplishment
Thoughts (Cognitive)
Vague ────────────────────────→
Focused ──────────────────────→
Increased self-awareness
Thoughts (Cognitive) continued
(increased interest)
Actions (Physical)
Seeking relevant
information ──────────────────────→
Seeking pertinent
information ──────────────────────→
Actions (Physical) continued
Exploring ──────────────────────→
Documenting ──────────────────────→
Widget Image
Figure 1 illustrates how feelings of uncertainty generally decrease as more information is accessed, though the specific experience varies. While uncertainty typically declines over time, it can sometimes increase temporarily before dropping again, highlighting that the path to certainty is not always linear.
Widget Tips
Tips for staying engaged when feeling difficult emotions during research
Remember uncertainty is a known trigger of anxiety, and uncertainty drives the research process!
Cultivating curiosity about one's feelings, fears, and experiences will help manage anxiety about impending change and the unknown.
Engage curiosity by asking open-ended questions of yourself and others and by observing emotions without judgment can help reduce anxiety.
What we do, what we think, and how we feel will all change throughout the research process.
Barth, F. Diane, “Curiosity can help you cope with uncertainty.” Psychology Today, March 2021. Date Accessed April 17, 2023.
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(Choose a number between 1-23 to select a random question in the event the JavaScript of the game above isn't working)
"Sophia grips her coffee cup, staring at the 27 open tabs on her screen. Her head throbs as she scans yet another conflicting statistic on fast fashion’s environmental impact. How am I supposed to know what’s reliable? she wonders, biting her lip. Anxiety builds as she glances at the clock—her deadline is getting closer. Did my professor mention peer-reviewed articles? She hesitates, cursor hovering over the library website, unsure where to even start.",
"Jordan leans back in their chair, rubbing their temples. They thought they had a solid grasp on renewable energy, but now, two studies are telling opposite stories—one, funded by an oil company, calls solar power inefficient; the other claims it’s the future. Their stomach tightens. How do I even figure out which one to trust? They clench their jaw, opening a new search tab. Looks like they’ll have to dig much deeper.",
"Elena blinks at the screen, rereading the claim in disbelief. This website insists a well-documented election never actually happened. Her heart beats faster—Wait… that can’t be right, can it? The site looks professional, but something about it makes her uneasy. She hesitates, then exhales sharply and clicks away. I need to cross-check this with another source before I even consider using it.",
"Marcus exhales through his nose, frustration creeping in. His eyes flick between the university library’s dimly lit shelves and his phone’s catalog search. He needs books on artificial intelligence, but nothing on the spines tells him if they’re useful without flipping through them all. Am I even searching the right way? He runs a hand through his hair and double-checks the classification system, hoping he hasn’t misunderstood.",
"Leila groans, dropping her head onto her desk. The bibliography she spent hours formatting in MLA is useless—her professor wants APA. Her fingers drum against her laptop as she pastes her sources into an online citation generator, only to frown at the result. Why does this look wrong? Frustration mounting, she wonders if it’d be faster to do it manually.",
"Dante watches the viral video again, his brow furrowed. The speaker confidently declares a groundbreaking medical discovery, but no sources flash on the screen. His gut twists. This sounds too good to be true. He searches for the claim elsewhere but only finds posts repeating the same information, never linking back to actual research. His fingers tighten around his phone—Something isn’t adding up here.",
"Ava and Ben sit across from each other, arms crossed. Ava taps her fingers against her notebook. ‘We should only use academic journals,’ she insists, frowning. Ben shakes his head. ‘News articles are fine if they’re from reliable sources.’ Tension hangs between them. Their professor told them to evaluate sources carefully, but neither is sure how beyond just glancing at the website. Ava sighs and flips open her laptop. We need a better way to compare these.",
"Noah grins—this article perfectly supports his argument. But as he reaches for his notes, he pauses. Wait… who even wrote this? A quick search pulls up a personal blog, not an academic background. His stomach sinks. The blog is full of strong opinions, but no real credentials. He chews on his lip, rereading the article. Can I actually use this?",
"Maya exhales, resting her chin in her palm as she scans the article on climate change. The statistics seem accurate, but the language feels off—emotional, one-sided. I remember something about checking for bias… but what does that really mean? She clicks to another tab, debating whether to find a source with a more neutral tone.",
"Omar types ‘social media effects’ into the database search bar and frowns at the results—marketing strategies, not mental health. He groans and rubs his forehead. Why am I getting everything except what I need? He tries adding ‘on mental health’ but still comes up short. Sighing, he adjusts his search terms again, determined to get better results.",
"Lena squints at the research article. The abstract sounds useful, but the text is dense, full of technical terms she doesn’t recognize. Her stomach knots. I can’t understand this. Does that mean I shouldn’t use it? She hesitates, then wonders if she should look for a summary—or just move on to something simpler.",
"Isaiah frowns at his reference list. He spent hours searching for sources, but they all seem to say the same thing. He leans back in his chair. Should I be looking for different perspectives? He hesitates, debating whether to keep what he has or start searching again.",
"Felix glances around the busy coffee shop, adjusting his headphones. He needs to concentrate, but the hum of conversation makes it impossible. He sighs, closing his laptop. Maybe I should move to the library. But what if I lose my momentum? He debates whether to push through or change his environment.",
"Zoey scrolls through an open-access journal and frowns. She found a perfect article, but the author’s credentials aren’t clear. This is peer-reviewed… but does that mean it’s trustworthy? Her fingers hover over the download button as she debates whether to dig deeper or just use it anyway.",
"Tariq sighs and pushes his laptop away. Every search he’s tried has led to paid articles locked behind paywalls. Do I have to pay for good research? He scratches his head, wondering if his school offers another way to access these studies.",
"Nia stares at her list of sources. She found articles on the topic, but they’re all at least ten years old. Is that too outdated? She bites her lip, debating whether to use them or try searching for newer research.",
"Jamal hovers over the ‘download PDF’ button. The website looks like a research journal, but something about it feels off. Should I trust this? He scans the page for an ‘About’ section, hoping to find out who runs the site before using it in his paper.",
"Priya scrolls through a book review. The reviewer makes bold claims about the author’s bias, but there are no direct quotes. Wait… is this an actual critique or just an opinion? She hesitates, wondering if she should check the book herself instead of relying on a secondhand account.",
"Lorenzo glances at his group members as they divide the research. ‘Let’s just each find one source,’ someone suggests. He hesitates. Is that enough? He considers speaking up, unsure if they’re gathering enough material to get a complete picture.",
"Jade taps her pen against the desk. Her professor wrote a comment on her paper: ‘Consider engaging with the research more deeply.’ What does that mean? She rereads her sources, wondering if she needs to add her own interpretation instead of just summarizing.",
"Benji rubs his temples, staring at his notes. He’s found tons of information, but his paper has no clear direction. His sources are good, but do they actually connect? He groans, realizing he might need to reorganize everything to make a stronger argument.",
"Riley pauses mid-sentence. He just pulled a statistic from memory—was it actually from a study, or did he just read it somewhere online? His fingers freeze over the keyboard. Do I need to double-check this before I include it?",
"Sasha leans back, rereading the article she found. It makes a strong argument, but the references all lead to the same three sources. Wait… is this enough evidence? She bites her lip, debating whether she needs a broader range of perspectives before using it."